Category: 492-27-3

Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution of aromatic heterocycles is consistent with that of benzene. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about The kynurenine pathway in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis on the peripheral blood levels of tryptophan and related metabolites. Author is Bartoli, Francesco; Misiak, Blazej; Callovini, Tommaso; Cavaleri, Daniele; Cioni, Riccardo M.; Crocamo, Cristina; Savitz, Jonathan B.; Carra, Giuseppe.

Growing evidence suggests that a dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) occurs in bipolar disorder (BD). This systematic review and meta-anal. aimed at assessing the possible differences in peripheral blood levels of KP metabolites between individuals with BD and healthy controls. We searched Medline, Embase, and PsycInfo electronic databases for articles indexed up to Feb 2020. We included any observational study comparing the peripheral blood levels of at least one KP metabolite between adults with BD and healthy controls. Random-effects meta-analyses were carried out generating pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs). Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using the I2 index. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were included in our study. Meta-analyses showed that individuals with BD have lower peripheral blood levels of tryptophan (SMD = -0.29), kynurenine (SMD = -0.28), kynurenic acid (SMD = -0.30), and xanthurenic acid (SMD = -0.55), along with lower kynurenic acid to kynurenine (SMD = -0.60) and kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid (SMD = -0.37) ratios, than healthy controls. Individuals with a manic episode showed the greatest redrctions in tryptophan levels (SMD = -0.51), whereas kynurenic acid levels were more reduced among subjects in a depressive phase (SMD = -0.70). Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses confirmed our results. The findings of the present meta-anal. support the hypothesis of an abnormality of the KP in BD. Considering the partial inconsistency of the findings and the small-to-medium magnitude of the estimated effect sizes, addnl. research assessing possible mediators or confounders is needed.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Recommanded Product: 492-27-3. The fused heterocycle is formed by combining a benzene ring with a single heterocycle, or two or more single heterocycles. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Kynurenic acid analog attenuates the production of tumor necrosis factor-α, calgranulins (S100A 8/9 and S100A 12), and the secretion of HNP1-3 and stimulates the production of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 in whole blood cultures of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Author is Balog, Attila; Varga, Borisz; Fulop, Ferenc; Lantos, Ildiko; Toldi, Gergely; Vecsei, Laszlo; Mandi, Yvette.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory joint disease with complex pathogenesis involving a variety of immunol. events. Recently, it has been suggested that kynurenic acid (KYNA) might be a potential regulator of inflammatory processes in arthritis. KYNA has a definitive anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive function. The aim of the present study is to investigate the complex effects of a newly synthesized KYNA analog-SZR72 on the in vitro production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), calprotectin (SA1008/9), SA100 12 (EN-RAGE), and HNP1-3 (defensin-α) in the peripheral blood of patients with RA and the various effects of the disease. Patients with RA (n = 93) were selected based on the DAS28 score, medication, and their rheumatoid factor (RF) status, resp. Peripheral blood samples from 93 patients with RA and 50 controls were obtained, and activated by heat-inactivated S. aureus. Parallel samples were pretreated before the activation with the KYNA analog N-(2-N, N-dimethylaminoethyl)-4-oxo-1H-quinoline-2-carboxamide hydrochloride. Following the incubation period (18 h), the supernatants were tested for TNF-α, TSG-6, calprotectin, S100A12, and HNP1-3 content by ELISA. SZR72 inhibited the production of the following inflammatory mediators: TNF-α, calprotectin, S100A12, and HNP1-3 in whole blood cultures. This effect was observed in each group of patients in various phases of the disease. The basic (control) levels of these mediators were higher in the blood of patients than in healthy donors. In contrast, lower TSG-6 levels were detected in patients with RA compared to healthy controls. In addition, the KYNA analog exerted a stimulatory effect on the TSG-6 production ex vivo in human whole blood cultures of patients with RA in various phases of the disease. These data further support the immunomodulatory role of KYNA in RA resulting in anti-inflammatory effects and draw the attention to the importance of the synthesis of the KYNA analog, which might have a future therapeutic potential.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: alicyclic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Compounds whose heterocycles in the molecular skeleton cannot reflect aromaticity are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Compound: 492-27-3, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, about Kynurenine emerges from the shadows – Current knowledge on its fate and function, the main research direction is review kynurenine fate function; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; Enzymes; Genes; Kynurenine; Kynurenine pathway; Tryptophan.Recommanded Product: 492-27-3.

A review. Kynurenine (KYN), a main metabolite of tryptophan in mammals, is a direct precursor of kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK). Under physiol. conditions, KYN is produced endogenously mainly in the liver by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Tumorigenesis and inflammatory conditions increase the activity of another KYN synthesizing enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). However, knowledge about the exogenous sources and the fate of KYN in mammals is still limited. While most papers deal with the contribution of KYN to pathologies of the central nervous system, its role in the periphery has almost been ignored. KYN is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). As a receptor for KYN and its downstream metabolites, AhR is involved in several physiol. and pathol. conditions, including inflammation and carcinogenesis. Recent studies have shown that KYN suppresses immune response and is strongly involved in the process of carcinogenesis and tumor metastasis. Thus, inhibition of activity of the enzymes responsible for KYN synthesis, TDO, IDO or genetic manipulation leading to reduction of KYN synthesis, could be considered as innovative strategies for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. Surprisingly, however, genetic or pharmacol. approaches for reducing tryptophan catabolism to KYN do not necessarily result in decrease of KYN level in the main circulation. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of KYN fate and function and to emphasize its importance for vital physiol. and pathol. processes.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Application of 492-27-3. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Association of the kynurenine pathway metabolites with clinical, cognitive features and IL-1β levels in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder and their siblings.. Author is Noyan, Handan; Erdağ, Ece; Tüzün, Erdem; Yaylım, İlhan; Küçükhüseyin, Özlem; Hakan, Mehmet Tolgahan; Gülöksüz, Sinan; Rutten, Bart P F; Saka, Meram Can; Atbaşoğlu, Cem; Alptekin, Köksal; van Os, Jim; Üçok, Alp.

OBJECTIVE: There is evidence suggesting that tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) pathway dysregulation is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. The study investigate for the first time whether this dysregulation occurs in advanced stages of the disease as a byproduct or emerges as one of the early and inherited manifestations of schizophrenia. METHOD: Sera of 148 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SCZ), 139 unaffected siblings (SIB) and 210 controls were investigated. Serum interleukin (IL)-1β levels were measured by ELISA, and TRP, KYN and kynurenic acid (KYNA) levels were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography system. Also, we collected clinical data by applying Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History in SCZ, and SIS-R in SIB and control groups. RESULTS: Compared to controls, SCZ and SIB groups had lower TRP and higher KYNA levels. TRP levels showed significant differences only between SCZ and controls (p < 0.01). KYNA levels of both SCZ (p ≤ 0.001) and SIB (p < 0.05) were higher than controls. No statistical significance was found for KYN levels across groups. SCZ and SIB groups had higher serum IL-1β levels than controls (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with SCZ and their siblings exhibited similar clinical features and TRP metabolite levels suggesting that TRP-KYN dysregulation may be an inherited component of the disease putatively conferring increased risk to schizophrenia. Elevation of IL-1β is one of the factors promoting overconsumption of the TRP-KYN pathway leading to increased production of neuroregulatory KYNA and presumably to neurodegeneration. Here is just a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Application of 492-27-3, more information about the compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid) is in the article, you can click the link below.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Advantages of brain penetrating inhibitors of kynurenine-3-monooxygenase for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, published in 2021-01-15, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, mainly applied to review brain penetrating inhibitor neurodegenerative disease KMO; Brain penetrance; Inhibitor; Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase; Neurodegenerative disease; Prodrug, SDS of cas: 492-27-3.

A review. Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) is an important therapeutic target for several brain disorders that has been extensively studied in recent years. Potent inhibitors towards KMO have been developed and tested within different disease models, showing great therapeutic potential, especially in models of neurodegenerative disease. The inhibition of KMO reduces the production of downstream toxic kynurenine pathway metabolites and shifts the flux to the formation of the neuroprotectant kynurenic acid. However, the efficacy of KMO inhibitors in neurodegenerative disease has been limited by their poor brain permeability. Combined with virtual screening and prodrug strategies, a novel brain penetrating KMO inhibitor has been developed which dramatically decreases neurotoxic metabolites. This review highlights the importance of KMO as a drug target in neurol. disease and the benefits of brain permeable inhibitors in modulating kynurenine pathway metabolites in the central nervous system.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Effects of kynurenic acid on the rat aorta ischemia-reperfusion model: pharmacological characterization and proteomic profiling.Name: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is derived from tryptophan, formed by the kynurenic pathway. KYNA is being widely studied as a biomarker for neurol. and cardiovascular diseases, as it is found in ischemic conditions as a protective agent; however, little is known about its effect after ischemia-reperfusion in the vascular system. We induced ischemia for 30 min followed by 5 min reperfusion (I/R) in the rat aorta for KYNA evaluation using functional assays combined with proteomics. KYNA recovered the exacerbated contraction induced by phenylephrine and relaxation induced by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprussiate in the I/R aorta, with vessel responses returning to values observed without I/R. The functional recovery can be related to the antioxidant activity of KYNA, which may be acting on the endothelium-injury prevention, especially during reperfusion, and to proteins that regulate neurotransmission and cell repair/growth, expressed after the KYNA treatment. These proteins interacted in a network, confirming a protein profile expression for endothelium and neuron repair after I/R. Thus, the KYNA treatment had the ability to recover the functionality of injured ischemic-reperfusion aorta, by tissue repairing and control of neurotransmitter release, which reinforces its role in the post-ischemic condition, and can be useful in the treatment of such disease.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: alicyclic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Compounds whose heterocycles in the molecular skeleton cannot reflect aromaticity are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Compound: 492-27-3, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, about Bupi Yishen formula attenuates kidney injury in 5/6 nephrectomized rats via the tryptophan-kynurenic acid-aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway, the main research direction is Bupi Yishen nephrectomized kidney tryptophan kynurenic acid receptor pathway; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway; Bupi Yishen formula; Chronic kidney disease; Kynurenic acid; Metabolomics.Electric Literature of C10H7NO3.

Bupi Yishen Formula (BYF), a patent traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, has been used in the clin. treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the mechanism of action of BYF has not been fully elucidated. To investigate the variation in the metabolic profile in response to BYF treatment in a rat model of 5/6 nephrectomy (Nx), rats in the treatment groups received low- or high-dose BYF. At the end of the study, serum and kidney samples were collected for biochem., pathol., and western blotting anal. Metabolic changes in serum were analyzed by liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that BYF treatment could reduce kidney injury, inhibit inflammation and improve renal function in a dose-dependent manner. In total, 405 and 195 metabolites were identified in neg. and pos. ion modes, resp. Metabolic pathway enrichment anal. of differential metabolites based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database identified 35 metabolic pathways, 3 of which were related to tryptophan metabolism High-dose BYF reduced the level of kynurenic acid (KA) by more than 50%, while increasing melatonin 25-fold and indole-3-acetic acid twofold. Expression levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), Cyp1A1, and CyP1B1 were significantly reduced in the kidney tissue of rats with high-dose BYF, compared to 5/6 Nx rats. BYF has a reno-protective effect against 5/6 Nx-induced CKD, which may be mediated via inhibition of the tryptophan-KA-AhR pathway.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called Autoimmune concept of Schizophrenia: historical roots and current facets, published in 2021, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, Name is 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, Molecular C10H7NO3, HPLC of Formula: 492-27-3.

A review. The review analyzes the possible role of autoimmune processes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and the evolution of concepts on this issue from its origin to the present. Risks of autoimmune processes causing schizophrenia are associated with several factors: an impaired functioning of dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems in the brain, kynurenine pathway disorder with overproduction of quinolinic, anthranilic, and kynurenic acids (possibly altering both neurons and T-regulators), increased intestinal permeability, as well as food antigens’ effects, stress and infections with various pathogens at different stages of ontogenesis. An increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as a decrease in the levels of anti-inflammatory ones also may contribute to schizophrenia risks. Schizophrenia often occurs in those patients having various autoimmune diseases and their first-degree relatives. Cases of schizophrenia resulted from autoimmune pathogenesis (including autoimmune encephalitis caused by autoantibodies against various neuronal antigens) are characterized by quite severe cognitive and psychotic symptoms and a less favorable prognosis. This severe course may result from the chronic immune damage of the neuronal receptors such as NMDA, GABA, and others and depend on hyperprolactinemia, induced by antipsychotics, but aggravating autoimmune processes.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The preparation of ester heterocycles mostly uses heteroatoms as nucleophilic sites, which are achieved by intramolecular substitution or addition reactions. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ) is researched.COA of Formula: C10H7NO3.Buki, Alexandra; Kekesi, Gabriella; Horvath, Gyongyi; Vecsei, Laszlo published the article 《A Potential Interface between the Kynurenine Pathway and Autonomic Imbalance in Schizophrenia》 about this compound( cas:492-27-3 ) in International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Keywords: review kynurenine pathway autonomic imbalance schizophrenia; autonomic nervous system; kynurenic acid; kynurenine pathway; schizophrenia. Let’s learn more about this compound (cas:492-27-3).

A review. Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by various symptoms including autonomic imbalance. These disturbances involve almost all autonomic functions and might contribute to poor medication compliance, worsened quality of life and increased mortality. Therefore, it has a great importance to find a potential therapeutic solution to improve the autonomic disturbances. The altered level of kynurenines (e.g., kynurenic acid), as tryptophan metabolites, is almost the most consistently found biochem. abnormality in schizophrenia. Kynurenic acid influences different types of receptors, most of them involved in the pathophysiol. of schizophrenia. Only few data suggest that kynurenines might have effects on multiple autonomic functions. Publications so far have discussed the implication of kynurenines and the alteration of the autonomic nervous system in schizophrenia independently from each other. Thus, the coupling between them has not yet been addressed in schizophrenia, although their direct common points, potential interfaces indicate the consideration of their interaction. The present review gathers autonomic disturbances, the impaired kynurenine pathway in schizophrenia, and the effects of kynurenine pathway on autonomic functions. In the last part of review, the potential interaction between the two systems in schizophrenia, and the possible therapeutic options are discussed.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Recommanded Product: 492-27-3. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Kynurenic acid accelerates healing of corneal epithelium in vitro and in vivo. Author is Matysik-Wozniak, Anna; Turski, Waldemar A.; Turska, Monika; Paduch, Roman; Lancut, Miroslaw; Piwowarczyk, Pawel; Czuczwar, Miroslaw; Rejdak, Robert.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous compound with a multidirectional effect. It possesses antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties that may be beneficial in the treatment of corneal injuries. Moreover, KYNA has been used successfully to improve the healing outcome of skin wounds. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of KYNA on corneal and conjunctival cells in vitro and the re-epithelization of corneal erosion in rabbits in vivo. Normal human corneal epithelial cell (10.014 pRSV-T) and conjunctival epithelial cell (HC0597) lines were used. Cellular metabolism, cell viability, transwell migration, and the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined In rabbits, after corneal de-epithelization, eye drops containing 0.002% and 1% KYNA were applied five times a day until full recovery. KYNA decreased metabolism but did not affect the proliferation of the corneal epithelium. It decreased both the metabolism and proliferation of conjunctival epithelium. KYNA enhanced the migration of corneal but not conjunctival epithelial cells. KYNA reduced the secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 from the corneal epithelium, leaving IL-10 secretion unaffected. The release of all studied cytokines from the conjunctival epithelium exposed to KYNA was unchanged. KYNA at higher concentration accelerated the healing of the corneal epithelium. These favorable properties of KYNA suggest that KYNA containing topical pharmaceutical products can be used in the treatment of ocular surface diseases.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”