Category: copper-catalyst

The three-dimensional configuration of the ester heterocycle is basically the same as that of the carbocycle. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid(SMILESS: O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O,cas:492-27-3) is researched.Synthetic Route of C9H8N2. The article 《Kynurenine pathway metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid and blood as potential biomarkers in Huntingtons disease》 in relation to this compound, is published in Journal of Neurochemistry. Let’s take a look at the latest research on this compound (cas:492-27-3).

Converging lines of evidence from several models, and post-mortem human brain tissue studies, support the involvement of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in Huntingtons disease (HD) pathogenesis. Quantifying KP metabolites in HD biofluids is desirable, both to study pathobiol. and as a potential source of biomarkers to quantify pathway dysfunction and evaluate the biochem. impact of therapeutic interventions targeting its components. In a prospective single-site controlled cohort study with standardised collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, phenotypic and imaging data, we used high-performance liquid-chromatog. to measure the levels of KP metabolites-tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, anthranilic acid and quinolinic acid-in CSF and plasma of 80 participants (20 healthy controls, 20 premanifest HD and 40 manifest HD). We investigated short-term stability, intergroup differences, associations with clin. and imaging measures and derived sample-size calculation for future studies. Overall, KP metabolites in CSF and plasma were stable over 6 wk, displayed no significant group differences and were not associated with clin. or imaging measures. We conclude that the studied metabolites are readily and reliably quantifiable in both biofluids in controls and HD gene expansion carriers. However, we found little evidence to support a substantial derangement of the KP in HD, at least to the extent that it is reflected by the levels of the metabolites in patient-derived biofluids.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The preparation of ester heterocycles mostly uses heteroatoms as nucleophilic sites, which are achieved by intramolecular substitution or addition reactions. Compound: (S)-3-((S)-2-(((S)-1-Ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino)propanoyl)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride( cas:89396-94-1 ) is researched.Recommanded Product: (S)-3-((S)-2-(((S)-1-Ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino)propanoyl)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride.Saruta, Takao; Omae, Teruo; Kuramochi, Morio; Iimura, Osamu; Yoshinaga, Kaoru; Abe, Keishi; Ishii, Masao; Watanabe, Tsutomu; Takeda, Tadanao published the article 《Imidapril hydrochloride in essential hypertension: A double-blind comparative study using enalapril maleate as a control》 about this compound( cas:89396-94-1 ) in Journal of Hypertension. Keywords: imidapril hydrochloride enalapril maleate antihypertensive. Let’s learn more about this compound (cas:89396-94-1).

The objective was to assess the value of using imidapril hydrochloride (ACE/TA-6366), a long-acting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor developed in Japan, to treat patients with essential hypertension. A double-blind, comparative, phase III study was carried out using enalapril maleate as a control, with a 4-wk observation period and a 12-wk treatment period. Both drugs were started at a dose of 5 mg once a day, increasing to 10 mg in patients whose antihypertensive response was insufficient after 4 wk. The study included 231 outpatients aged 30-74 yr; of these, 108 in the imidapril group and 115 in the enalapril group were assessed. There were no differences in background factors between groups. An adequate antihypertensive effect was observed in 71.3% (77/108) in the imidapril group and in 66.1% (76/115) in the enalapril group, with no significant difference between groups. The pulse rate was unchanged in both groups. The drug had no adverse effects in 86.1% (93/108) of the imidapril group and 79.1% (91/115) of the enalapril group, with no significant difference between groups. Adverse drug effects were observed in 5.6% (6/108) of the imidapril group and 12.2% (14/115) of the enalapril group. Cough was the most frequent side effect, reported in 0.9% (1/108) of the imidapril group and 7.0% (8/115) of the enalapril group. Other side effects were reported in 4.6% (5/108) of the imidapril group and 5.2% (6/115) of the enalapril group. Abnormal laboratory values were observed in 3.7% (4/108) of the imidapril group and 0.9% (1/115) of the enalapril group. Imidapril showed excellent clin. efficacy and safety compared to enalapril. The low incidence of cough is of particular interest.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The preparation of ester heterocycles mostly uses heteroatoms as nucleophilic sites, which are achieved by intramolecular substitution or addition reactions. Compound: [Ir(dtbbpy)(ppy)2]PF6( cas:676525-77-2 ) is researched.Product Details of 676525-77-2.Tlahuext-Aca, Adrian; Garza-Sanchez, R. Aleyda; Glorius, Frank published the article 《Multicomponent Oxyalkylation of Styrenes Enabled by Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Photoinduced Electron Transfer》 about this compound( cas:676525-77-2 ) in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. Keywords: multicomponent oxyalkylation styrene hydrogen bond assisted photoinduced electron transfer; acyloxy phthalimide iridium catalyzed condensation styrene photoinduced electron transfer; alkyl radicals; decarboxylation; hydrogen bonding; oxyalkylation; photoredox catalysis. Let’s learn more about this compound (cas:676525-77-2).

Herein, authors disclose a strategy for the activation of N-(acyloxy)phthalimides towards photoinduced electron transfer through hydrogen bonding. This activation mode enables efficient access to C(sp3)-centered radicals upon decarboxylation from bench-stable and readily available substrates. Moreover, they demonstrate that the formed alkyl radicals can be successfully employed in a novel redox-neutral method for constructing sp3-sp3 bonds across styrene moieties that gives straightforward access to complex alc. and ether scaffolds.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: Ruthenium(III) chloride xhydrate, is researched, Molecular Cl3H2ORu, CAS is 14898-67-0, about Constructing amorphous RuxOy on CuO/Cu2O nanowire arrays for improved oxygen evolution.Application of 14898-67-0.

Developing a facile strategy for the construction of advanced electrocatalysts to accelerate oxygen evolution kinetics to meet the needs of new energy conversion technologies is highly desirable. Herein, a novel and facile route is devised to grow the amorphous RuxOy on CuO/Cu2O nanowire arrays. Exptl. results show that the typical product displays an outstanding electrocatalytic oxygen evolution activity involving a low overpotential of 236 mV at 20 mA cm-2 and an excellent durability. The reasons for which is associated with the synergistic effect of amorphous RuxOy on CuO/Cu2O nanowire arrays, as well as the existence of abundant oxygen vacancies. This study exhibits new insights into using the composite of amorphous RuxOy and copper (Cu)-based oxides as high-activity catalysts for oxygen evolution.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called Analysis of Risk Factors in Human Bioequivalence Study That Incur Bioinequivalence of Oral Drug Products, published in 2009-02-28, which mentions a compound: 89396-94-1, Name is (S)-3-((S)-2-(((S)-1-Ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino)propanoyl)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid hydrochloride, Molecular C20H28ClN3O6, Application of 89396-94-1.

In the study of human bioequivalence (BE), newly developed oral products sometimes fail to prove BE with a reference product due to the high variability in pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters after oral absorption. In this study, risk factors that incur bioinequivalence in BE study were analyzed by applying the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). Forty-four generic products were selected from a database of BE studies in the past 10 years at Towa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Osaka, Japan), and 90% confidence interval (CI) of AUC and Cmax in human BE study for all products were converted into coefficient of variation (CV90). Then, the required number of subjects to confirm BE was estimated from the 90% CI in human BE study of new products. It was found that both the permeability of drugs to human intestinal membrane (Peff) and the dose number calculated from their water solubility did not correlate well to CV90 and the estimated subject number in human BE study, suggesting the contribution of other factors to cause the variability in oral drug absorption. As the PK parameter of drugs, the value of AUC/dose was calculated and plotted against CV90 and the estimated subject number by classifying drugs into 4 BCS classes. For drugs in classes 1 and 3, AUC/dose gave a clear criterion to distinguish the drugs with a high risk of bioinequivalence, where drugs with low AUC/dose showed high CV90 and large number of subjects. It was suggested that the high metabolic clearance (for class 1 drug) and low oral absorption (for class 3 drug) could be significant factors to incur bioinequivalence in human BE study, although for drugs in classes 2 and 4, clear factors were not defined. Consequently, for drugs in BCS classes 1 and 3, risks in human BE study to incur bioinequivalence could be predicted by calculating the AUC/dose. In the case of generic drugs, since the parameter of AUC/dose is available before initiating human BE study, this finding is expected to promote an efficient and cost-saving strategy for the development of oral drug products.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Trepci, Ada; Sellgren, Carl M.; Paalsson, Erik; Brundin, Lena; Khanlarkhani, Neda; Schwieler, Lilly; Landen, Mikael; Erhardt, Sophie published an article about the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3,SMILESS:O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O ).Formula: C10H7NO3. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) through the article.

The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation produces several neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KYNA), quinolinic acid (QUIN), and picolinic acid (PIC) thought to be involved in the pathophysiol. of psychosis, major depression, and suicidal behavior. Here, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, KYNA, QUIN, and PIC utilizing ultra-performance liquid chromatog. – tandem mass spectrometry system (UPLC-MS/MS) in persons with bipolar disorder (n = 101) and healthy controls (n = 80) to investigate if the metabolites correlated with depressive symptoms or to the history of suicidal behavior. Furthermore, we analyzed if genetic variants of the enzyme amino-β-carboxymuconate-semialdehyde-decarboxylase (ACMSD) were associated with the CSF concentrations of PIC and QUIN. We found that CSF KYNA and PIC concentrations, as well as the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio were increased in bipolar disorder compared with controls. CSF PIC concentrations were lower in subjects with a history of suicidal behavior than those without, supporting the hypothesis that low CSF PIC is a marker of vulnerability for suicidality. Bipolar subjects taking antidepressants had higher CSF concentrations of kynurenine and KYNA than subjects not given these medications. A neg. association was found between a genetic variant of ACMSD and the ratio of PIC/QUIN, indicating that a polymorphism in ACMSD is associated with excess of QUIN formation at the expense of PIC. The present results confirm that the kynurenine pathway is activated in bipolar disorder, and suggest that shifting the activity of the kynurenine pathway away from QUIN production towards a production of KYNA and PIC might be a beneficial therapeutic strategy.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Chinese Journal of Catalysis called Improved kinetics of OER on Ru-Pb binary electrocatalyst by decoupling proton-electron transfer, Author is Huang, Rui; Wen, Yunzhou; Peng, Huisheng; Zhang, Bo, which mentions a compound: 14898-67-0, SMILESS is Cl[Ru](Cl)Cl.[H]O[H], Molecular Cl3H2ORu, Formula: Cl3H2ORu.

The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is central to water electrolysis using proton-exchange membranes. However, even as benchmark catalysts in the acidic OER, Ru-based catalysts still suffer from sluggish kinetics owing to the scaling relationship that arises from the traditional concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) process. Motivated by the knowledge that a charged surface may be favorable for accelerating the OER kinetics, we posited the incorporation of elements with pseudocapacitive properties into Ru-based catalysts. Herein, we report a RuPbOx electrocatalyst for efficient and stable water oxidation in acid with a low overpotential of 191 mV to reach 10 mA cm-2 and a low Tafel slope of 39 mV dec-1. The combination of electrochem. anal., XPS, and in situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the improved OER kinetics was associated with the formation of superoxide precursors on the strongly charged surface after Pb incorporation, indicating a non-concerted proton-electron transfer mechanism for the OER on RuPbOx.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The preparation of ester heterocycles mostly uses heteroatoms as nucleophilic sites, which are achieved by intramolecular substitution or addition reactions. Compound: (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid( cas:20859-23-8 ) is researched.Application of 20859-23-8.Robinson, James E.; Brimble, Margaret A. published the article 《Synthesis of the anti-Helicobacter pylori agent (+)-spirolaxine methyl ether and the unnatural (2”S)-diastereomer》 about this compound( cas:20859-23-8 ) in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. Keywords: asym synthesis spirolaxine methyl ether Julia Kocienski olefination lactonization; spirocyclization asym synthesis methylspirolaxine mol structure absolute configuration. Let’s learn more about this compound (cas:20859-23-8).

The first enantioselective synthesis of the anti-Heliocbacter pylori agent (+)-spirolaxine Me ether (I) has been carried out in a convergent fashion establishing that the absolute stereochem. of the natural product is in fact (3R, 2”R, 5”R, 7”R) after initial synthesis of the unnatural (2”S)-diastereomer. The key step in the synthesis of (+)-spirolaxine Me ether involved a heterocycle-activated Julia-Kocienski olefination between benzothiazole-based spiroacetal sulfone II and phthalide aldehyde. (2”R, 5”S, 7”S)-spiroacetal sulfone II was prepared via cyclization of a protected dihydroxyketone, which in turn was derived from the coupling of the acetylide derived from a (R)-acetylene with phthalide aldehyde. Phthalide aldehyde was prepared via intramol. acylation of a bromocarbamate III, which was available via titanium tetrafluoride-(+)-BINOL-mediated allylation of 3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Union of the sulfone II and phthalide aldehyde fragments successfully completed the enantioselective synthesis of I. The synthesis of the unnatural (3R, 2”S, 5”R, 7”R)-diastereomer of I was also undertaken in a similar manner by union of phthalide aldehyde with (2”S, 5”S, 7”S)-spiroacetal sulfone derived from the (S)-acetylene.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Psychological symptoms and salivary inflammatory biomarkers in patients with dentofacial deformities: a case-control study.HPLC of Formula: 492-27-3.

Individuals with dentofacial deformities often display a low quality of life (QoL) through biol. mechanisms that remain unraveled. In this case-control study, the salivary levels of cytokines, glutamate, and kynurenine metabolites were assessed in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery (OS), while correlating these parameters with QoL and psychol. symptoms. Thirty-six patients were enrolled in control (under orthodontic treatment) and test (undergoing OS) groups, matched by age and sex. The QoL was assessed through the World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) and the Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire (OQLQ). The psychol. symptoms were evaluated by the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). The salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, glutamate, and kynurenine metabolites were evaluated. The OQLQ demonstrated increased QoL scores in the test group, regarding social aspects, facial esthetics, and function domains, without significant differences in respect to the other surveys. These patients displayed higher IL-1β and glutamate levels; conversely, the kynurenine metabolites were unaltered. The glutamate levels pos. correlated with the OQLQ function scores. The data brings novel evidence about the psychobiol. features of patients with dentofacial deformities, showing salivary variations of inflammatory biomarkers in these individuals.

From this literature《Psychological symptoms and salivary inflammatory biomarkers in patients with dentofacial deformities: a case-control study》,we know some information about this compound(492-27-3)HPLC of Formula: 492-27-3, but this is not all information, there are many literatures related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Article, Stress (Abingdon, United Kingdom) called Changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites after acute psychosocial stress in healthy males: a single-arm pilot study, Author is La Torre, Danique; Dalile, Boushra; de Loor, Henriette; Van Oudenhove, Lukas; Verbeke, Kristin, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3, SDS of cas: 492-27-3.

Chronic stress is associated with an increased conversion of tryptophan (TRP) into kynurenine (KYN). However, only a few studies investigated KYN pathway metabolite concentrations following acute stress in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that TRP/KYN metabolism changes following acute stress, and that KYN pathway metabolites are associated with cortisol and subjective stress responses. In a single-arm pilot study, we explored whether KYN pathway metabolites concentrations were altered after acute stress induced by the Maastricht Acute Stress Test in healthy males (n=56, mean age: 27 (SD = 4.5) years, BMI: 23 (SD = 1.8) kg/m2). In particular, we examined whether concentrations of TRP decreased, and KYN, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and the ratio of KYN to TRP (KYN:TRP) increased after acute stress. Furthermore, we assessed whether cortisol and subjective stress responses correlated with KYN pathway metabolite measures after stress induction, based on both the area under the curve with respect to the ground (AUCg) as well as the incremental area under the curve (AUCi). Concentrations of TRP, KYN, KYNA, and KYN:TRP were significantly lower after stress induction compared to pre-stress induction (all p < 0.01). AUCi and AUCg reflecting cortisol and subjective stress responses did not correlate with AUCi and AUCg reflecting KYN pathway metabolite responses. These preliminary results indicate that KYN pathway metabolites are lower after acute psychosocial stress induction. Moreover, although chronic stress and subsequent prolonged elevated cortisol concentrations and subjective stress stimulate the conversion of TRP into KYN, acute stress is not associated with such conversion up to 35 min after stress induction. From this literature《Changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites after acute psychosocial stress in healthy males: a single-arm pilot study》,we know some information about this compound(492-27-3)SDS of cas: 492-27-3, but this is not all information, there are many literatures related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”