Tag: M.W:100-200

Skorobogatov, Katrien; De Picker, Livia; Verkerk, Robert; Coppens, Violette; Leboyer, Marion; Muller, Norbert; Morrens, Manuel published the article 《Brain Versus Blood: a systematic review on the concordance between peripheral and central kynurenine pathway measures in psychiatric disorders》. Keywords: review psychiatric disorders brain blood peripheral central kynurenine pathway; CSF; blood-brain barrier; immune; inflammation; kynurenine; psychiatry; tryptophan.They researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Category: copper-catalyst. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) here.

A review. Disturbances in the kynurenine pathway have been implicated in the pathophysiol. of psychotic and mood disorders, as well as several other psychiatric illnesses. It remains uncertain however to what extent metabolite levels detectable in plasma or serum reflect brain kynurenine metabolism and other disease-specific pathophysiol. changes. The primary objective of this systematic was to investigate the concordance between peripheral and central (CSF or brain tissue) kynurenine metabolites. As secondary aims we describe their correlation with illness course, treatment response, and neuroanatomical abnormalities in psychiatric diseases. We performed a systematic literature search until Feb. 2021 in PubMed. We included 27 original research articles describing a correlation between peripheral and central kynurenine metabolite measures in preclin. studies and human samples from patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders and other conditions. We also included 32 articles reporting associations between peripheral KP markers and symptom severity, CNS pathol. or treatment response in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. For kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine, moderate to strong concordance was found between peripheral and central concentrations not only in psychiatric disorders, but also in other (patho)physiol. conditions. Despite discordant findings for other metabolites (mainly tryptophan and kynurenic acid), blood metabolite levels were associated with clin. symptoms and treatment response in psychiatric patients, as well as with observed neuroanatomical abnormalities and glial activity. Only kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine demonstrated a consistent and reliable concordance between peripheral and central measures. Evidence from psychiatric studies on kynurenine pathway concordance is scarce, and more research is needed to determine the validity of peripheral kynurenine metabolite assessment as proxy markers for CNS processes. Peripheral kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine may nonetheless represent valuable predictive and prognostic biomarker candidates for psychiatric disorders.

There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O)Category: copper-catalyst, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(492-27-3) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Guerin, Philippe; Vert, Michel; Braud, Christian; Lenz, Robert W. researched the compound: (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid( cas:20859-23-8 ).Synthetic Route of C4H5BrO4.They published the article 《Optically active poly(β-malic acid)》 about this compound( cas:20859-23-8 ) in Polymer Bulletin (Berlin, Germany). Keywords: polymalic acid optical activity; polybenzyl malate hydrolysis. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:20859-23-8).

Optically active benzyl malolactonate  [99494-21-0] was prepared starting from L-aspartic acid  [56-84-8] and polymerized anionically using Et3N as initiator to yield poly(benzyl β-malate) [99438-25-2] which is an optically active, semicrystalline polymer. Cleavage of protecting benzyl ester groups yielded optically active poly(β-malic acid) [99438-26-3] which showed 1 accessible pos. CD band in the far UV.

There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(O)[C@@H](Br)CC(O)=O)Synthetic Route of C4H5BrO4, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(20859-23-8) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

LaFlamme, Elyssa M; Waguespack, Hannah F; Forcelli, Patrick A; Malkova, Ludise published the article 《The Parahippocampal Cortex and its Functional Connection with the Hippocampus are Critical for Nonnavigational Spatial Memory in Macaques.》. Keywords: hippocampus; intracerebral microinfusion; macaque; parahippocampal cortex; spatial memory.They researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Recommanded Product: 492-27-3. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) here.

The Hamilton Search Task (HST) is a test of nonnavigational spatial memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) is a major route for spatial information to reach the hippocampus, but the extent to which the PHC and hippocampus function independently of one another in the context of nonnavigational spatial memory is unclear. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) bilateral pharmacological inactivation of the PHC would impair HST performance, and (2) that functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus by contralateral (crossed) inactivation would likewise impair performance. Transient inactivation of the PHC impaired HST performance most robustly with 30 s intertrial delays, but not when color cues were introduced. Functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus, but not separate unilateral inactivation of either region, also selectively impaired long-term spatial memory. These findings indicate a critical role for the PHC and its interactions with the hippocampus in nonnavigational spatial memory.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 492-27-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3Journal, Article, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t, Molecular Psychiatry called The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies, Author is Marx, Wolfgang; McGuinness, Amelia J.; Rocks, Tetyana; Ruusunen, Anu; Cleminson, Jasmine; Walker, Adam J.; Gomes-da-Costa, Susana; Lane, Melissa; Sanches, Marsal; Diaz, Alexandre P.; Tseng, Ping-Tao; Lin, Pao-Yen; Berk, Michael; Clarke, Gerard; O′Neil, Adrienne; Jacka, Felice; Stubbs, Brendon; Carvalho, Andre F.; Quevedo, Joao; Soares, Jair C.; Fernandes, Brisa S., the main research direction is meta analysis kynurenine major depressive bipolar disorder schizophrenia.Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid.

The importance of tryptophan as a precursor for neuroactive compounds has long been acknowledged. The metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway and its involvement in mental disorders is an emerging area in psychiatry. We performed a meta-anal. to examine the differences in kynurenine metabolites in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). Electronic databases were searched for studies that assessed metabolites involved in the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and their associate ratios) in people with MDD, SZ, or BD, compared to controls. We computed the difference in metabolite concentrations between people with MDD, BD, or SZ, and controls, presented as Hedges′g with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 101 studies with 10,912 participants were included. Tryptophan and kynurenine are decreased across MDD, BD, and SZ; kynurenic acid and the kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio are decreased in mood disorders (i.e., MDD and BD), whereas kynurenic acid is not altered in SZ; kynurenic acid to 3-hydroxykynurenine ratio is decreased in MDD but not SZ. Kynurenic acid to kynurenine ratio is decreased in MDD and SZ, and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio is increased in MDD and SZ. Our results suggest that there is a shift in the tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to the kynurenine pathway, across these psychiatric disorders. In addition, a differential pattern exists between mood disorders and SZ, with a preferential metabolism of kynurenine to the potentially neurotoxic quinolinic acid instead of the neuroprotective kynurenic acid in mood disorders but not in SZ.

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(492-27-3), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 492-27-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3Journal, Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, The European journal of neuroscience called A single prenatal lipopolysaccharide injection has acute, but not long-lasting, effects on cerebral kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice., Author is Notarangelo, Francesca M; Schwarcz, Robert, the main research direction is 3-hydroxykynurenine; development; kynurenic acid; schizophrenia.Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3.

In rodents, a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during gestation causes chemical and functional abnormalities in the offspring. These effects may involve changes in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation and may provide insights into the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. Using CD1 mice, we examined acute and long-term effects of prenatal LPS treatment on the levels of kynurenine and its neuroactive downstream products kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid. To this end, LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered on gestational day 15, and KP metabolites were measured 4 and 24 h later or in adulthood. After 4 h, kynurenine, KYNA and 3-HK levels were elevated in the fetal brain, 3-HK and KYNA levels were increased in the maternal plasma, and kynurenine was increased in the maternal brain, whereas no changes were seen in the placenta. These effects were less prominent after 24 h, and prenatal LPS did not affect the basal levels of KP metabolites in the forebrain of adult animals. In addition, a second LPS injection (1 mg/kg) in adulthood in the offspring of prenatally saline- and LPS-treated mice caused a similar elevation in 3-HK levels in both groups after 24 h, but the effect was significantly more pronounced in male mice. Thus, acute immune activation during pregnancy has only short-lasting effects on KP metabolism and does not cause cerebral KP metabolites to be disproportionally affected by a second immune challenge in adulthood. However, prenatal KYNA elevations still contribute to functional abnormalities in the offspring.

If you want to learn more about this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid)Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3, you may wish to communicate with the author of the article,or consult the relevant literature related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

SDS of cas: 492-27-3. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Increase of Kynurenic Acid after Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection and Its Significances.. Author is Baran, Halina; Draxler, Markus; Kronsteiner, Carina; Kepplinger, Berthold.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The moust symptoms of piglets infected with Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) are related to breeding difficulty, circulation insufficiency, depression and occurrence of high lethality. An increase of tryptophan metabolism in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS) in human and non-human subjects with inflammatory diseases has been suggested. We investigated an alterations of tryptophan metabolite i.e. kynurenic acid (KYNA) level in the serum of piglets after EMC virus infection. In addition, we investigated the markers of immune stimulation i.e. neopterin and β2-microglobulin. METHODS: KYNA was determined by high performance liquid chromatography method, while neopterin and β2-microglobulin by ELISA method. Piglets with an age of 8 weeks were infected intranasal and orally with the EMC virus. Blood samples were collected before virus inoculation at day 0 (control) and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days post inoculation (DPI) and piglets as control subjects were used, too. RESULTS: In EMCV infected piglets we observed a time dependent alteration of investigated parameters. KYNA level increased significantly and at 3 DPI was 341% of CO, p<0.001 and at 4 DPI an enhancement was 242% of CO, p<0.001, respectively. Neopterin increased moderately after EMCV infection and at 4 DPI was 130% of CO, p<0.05. Serum β2-microglobulin was slightly lowered and at 4 DPI was 86% of CO, p<0.05. Present data indicate an marked increase of kynurenine metabolism in the periphery after EMCV infection and an moderate activation of immune system. CONCLUSION: A marked increase of KYNA and a moderate enhancement of neopterin indicate sensibility of kynurenine metabolism to EMCV infection. Lowering of ß2-microgobulin might relate to development of events leading to the lethality. We suggest that due to viral infection an increase of KYNA might contribute to the inpairment of organs in the periphery and CNS function and might participate by sudden death. If you want to learn more about this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid)SDS of cas: 492-27-3, you may wish to communicate with the author of the article,or consult the relevant literature related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《The Walden rearrangement in the succinic acid group》. Authors are Holmberg, Bror.The article about the compound:(S)-2-Bromosuccinic acidcas:20859-23-8,SMILESS:O=C(O)[C@@H](Br)CC(O)=O).COA of Formula: C4H5BrO4. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:20859-23-8) is conveyed.

Opinions on the frequency of the Walden inversion (C.A. 5, 2820) have varied all the way from that of Walden himself, who considered the rearrangement as the exception and result of “”abnormal”” reaction, to that of Olson (C.A. 27, 3874), who proposed the theory that rearrangement always accompanies substitution on the asym. C atom. The results of Fredga (C.A. 39, 1392.8), as well as many of the author’s own, support Olson’s thesis in that reactions such as L(-)-HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H → PCl5 D(+)-HO2CCH2CHClCO2H, involving only a simple substitution, always cause inversion. Fredga’s “”quasi-racemate”” method was used to establish configurations. Reactions such as esterification of malic acid do not change the optical configuration since they do not effect the asym. C atom. Hydrolysis of L(-)-bromosuccinic acid to either D(+)- or L(-)-malic acids, depending on the means, is explained by the fact that this hydrolysis always proceeds via the D(+)-malic acid β-lactone, which is saponified by either alkali or acid to D(+)-malic acid, leading to the conclusion that the bond broken in saponification is that between the CO2H group and the lactone O. Hydrolysis with H2O alone yields L(-)-malic acid, since the bond from the asym. C atom to the lactone O is in this case broken by addition of the elements of H2O. Thus the pH of the solution is the factor determining which optical antipode of malic acid is formed in the hydrolysis of bromosuccinic acid. Walden’s Ag2O here serves only to further the formation of lactone. Walden’s observation that the presence of Cu++ ions in the hydrolysis causes formation of D(+)-malic acid is explained on the grounds that the Cu complex formed with HO acids has the same catalytic action on hydrolysis as H+ ions. This has been proven for the hydrolysis of acetylated HO acids. However, L(+)-HO2CCH2CH(NH2)CO2H + HONO → L(-)-HO2CCH2CH(OH)CO2H and L(+)-HO2CCH2CH(NH2)CO2H + NOCl → L(-)-HO2CCH2CHClCO2H. Asparagine reacts in analogous fashion, whereas the di-Et L(-)-aspartate yields the D(+)-derivative The diazotization reaction of aspartic acid is therefore the only exception to Olson’s rule. So far it has been impossible to find any intermediate in this reaction that might cause a 2nd optical inversion as in the hydrolysis of bromosuccinic acid. Thus even 1-step reactions on the asym. C atom may not lead to Walden rearrangement, but this must be considered the exception rather than the rule.

If you want to learn more about this compound((S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid)COA of Formula: C4H5BrO4, you may wish to communicate with the author of the article,or consult the relevant literature related to this compound(20859-23-8).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Cathomas, Flurin; Guetter, Karoline; Seifritz, Erich; Klaus, Federica; Kaiser, Stefan researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Computed Properties of C10H7NO3.They published the article 《Quinolinic acid is associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia but not major depressive disorder》 about this compound( cas:492-27-3 ) in Scientific Reports. Keywords: schizophrenia major depressive disorder cognitive deficit quinolinic acid. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:492-27-3).

Tryptophan and its catabolites (TRYCATs) have been suggested to link peripheral immune system activation and central neurotransmitter abnormalities with relevance to the etio-pathophysiol. of schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The relationship to different psychopathol. dimensions within these disorders however remains to be elucidated. We thus investigated potential group differences of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxy kynurenine and quinolinic acid in the plasma of 19 healthy controls (HC), 45 patients with SZ and 43 patients with MDD and correlated plasma proteins with the “”motivation and pleasure”” dimension and cognition. After correcting for the covariates age, sex, body mass index, smoking and medication, patients with MDD showed lower kynurenine and 3-hydroxy kynurenine levels compared to HC. Quinolinic acid correlated neg. with composite cognitive score in patients with SZ, indicating that more severe cognitive impairments were associated with increased plasma levels of quinolinic acid. No correlations were found in patients with MDD. These results indicate that MDD and SZ are associated with dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway. Quinolinic acid might be specifically implicated in the pathophysiol. of cognitive deficits in patients with SZ. Further studies are needed to determine whether TRYCATs are causally involved in the etiol. of these neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Robinson, James E.; Brimble, Margaret A. published an article about the compound: (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid( cas:20859-23-8,SMILESS:O=C(O)[C@@H](Br)CC(O)=O ).Formula: C4H5BrO4. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:20859-23-8) through the article.

The first enantioselective synthesis of the anti-Helicobacter pylori agent (+)-spirolaxine Me ether (I) has been carried out in a convergent fashion by heterocycle-activated Julia olefination of a spiroacetal-containing sulfone fragment with a phthalide-containing aldehyde fragment. The total synthesis of (+)-spirolaxine Me ether establishes the absolute stereochem. of the natural product to be (3R,2”R,5”R,7”R).

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(20859-23-8)Formula: C4H5BrO4, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(20859-23-8), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Metabolic phenotyping reveals a reduction in the bioavailability of serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites in both the urine and serum of individuals living with Alzheimer′s disease. Author is Whiley, Luke; Chappell, Katie E.; D′Hondt, Ellie; Lewis, Matthew R.; Jimenez, Beatriz; Snowden, Stuart G.; Soininen, Hilkka; Kloszewska, Iwona; Mecocci, Patrizia; Tsolaki, Magda; Vellas, Bruno; Swann, Jonathan R.; Hye, Abdul; Lovestone, Simon; Legido-Quigley, Cristina; Holmes, Elaine; on behalf of AddNeuroMed consortium.

To investigate metabolic alterations in AD, a large-scale metabolic phenotyping study was conducted on both urine and serum samples collected from a multi-center clin. cohort, consisting of individuals clin. diagnosed with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-matched controls. Results revealed significantly lower metabolite concentrations of tryptophan pathway metabolites in the AD group: serotonin (urine, serum), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (urine), kynurenine (serum), kynurenic acid (urine), tryptophan (urine, serum), xanthurenic acid (urine, serum), and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (urine). For each listed metabolite, a decreasing trend in concentrations was observed in-line with clin. diagnosis: control > MCI > AD. There were no significant differences in the two MCI subgroups while SSRI medication status influenced observations in serum, but not urine. Urine and serum serotonin concentrations were found to be significantly lower in AD compared with controls, suggesting the bioavailability of the neurotransmitter may be altered in the disease. A significant increase in the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio suggests that this may be a result of a shift to the kynurenine metabolic route due to increased IDO activity, potentially as a result of systemic inflammation. Modulation of the pathways could help improve serotonin bioavailability and AD patients.

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(492-27-3), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”