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The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Maternal protein restriction affects cardiovascular, but not respiratory response to L-glutamate microinjection into the NTS of conscious rats, the main research direction is glutamate microinjection protein cardiovascular respiratory maternal rat; L-glutamate microinjection; Maternal protein malnutrition; acid kinurenic microinjection; cardiac variability; glutamatergic system; hypertension; nucleus of the solitary tract; respiratory variability.Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3.

Dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission (GN) is linked to sympathetic-respiratory overactivity and hypertension. We investigated whether maternal protein restriction is able to alter GN into the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in adult offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed with control (NP; 17% protein) or low-protein (LP; 8% protein) diet during pregnancy and lactation, and their offspring were evaluated at 70-90d old. Direct measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (RF) and respiratory (RV) and cardiac (CV) variabilities were assessed in consciousness. The evaluation of GN into NTS over cardiovascular system were assessed by microinjections of unilateral glutamate (L-glu 0.5 nmol/100nL) and bilateral kynurenic acid (Kyn 2.5 nmol/50nL). The NP and LP groups were compared using unpaired Student′s t-test where p < 0.05 was considered significant. The LP exhibited higher MAP at rest (p = 0.03) and after L-glu microinjection (p = 0.04), as well as an increase over HR after Kyn microinjection when compared to the NP (p = 0.049). In the RV, the LP group showed an increase of the component-standard deviation 1 (p = 0.037) at rest. In the CV, the LP presented an increase of the low frequency (LF) component of the pulse interval (PI) (p = 0.034), a decrease of high frequency (HF) of the PI (p = 0.034), beyond an increased LF/HF ratio of the PI (p = 0.027) when compared to the NP. The kynurenic acid microinjection did not produce changes in RV or CV (p > 0.05). Altered GN into the NTS may contribute to augmented blood pressure in protein-restricted offspring.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 492-27-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3Journal, Article, Metabolites called Effects of Tryptophan Supplementation and Exercise on the Fate of Kynurenine Metabolites in Mice and Humans, Author is Valente-Silva, Paula; Cervenka, Igor; Ferreira, Duarte M. S.; Correia, Jorge C.; Edman, Sebastian; Horwath, Oscar; Heng, Benjamin; Chow, Sharron; Jacobs, Kelly R.; Guillemin, Gilles J.; Blomstrand, Eva; Ruas, Jorge L., the main research direction is tryptophan supplementation kynurenine metabolite exercise; behavior; dietary supplements; energy metabolism; exercise; kynurenine metabolites; skeletal muscle; tryptophan.Electric Literature of C10H7NO3.

The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (TRP) degradation (KP) generates metabolites with effects on metabolism, immunity, and mental health. Endurance exercise training can change KP metabolites by changing the levels of KP enzymes in skeletal muscle. This leads to a metabolite pattern that favors energy expenditure and an anti-inflammatory immune cell profile and reduces neurotoxic metabolites. Here, we aimed to understand if TRP supplementation in untrained vs. trained subjects affects KP metabolite levels and biol. effects. Our data show that chronic TRP supplementation in mice increases all KP metabolites in circulation, and that exercise reduces the neurotoxic branch of the pathway. However, in addition to increasing wheel running, we did not observe other effects of TRP supplementation on training adaptations, energy metabolism or behavior in mice. A similar increase in KP metabolites was seen in trained vs. untrained human volunteers that took a TRP drink while performing a bout of aerobic exercise. With this acute TRP administration, TRP and KYN were higher in the trained vs. the untrained group. Considering the many biol. effects of the KP, which can lead to beneficial or deleterious effects to health, our data encourage future studies of the crosstalk between TRP supplementation and phys. exercise.

As far as I know, this compound(492-27-3)Electric Literature of C10H7NO3 can be applied in many ways, which is helpful for the development of experiments. Therefore many people are doing relevant researches.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called KYNA/Ahr Signaling Suppresses Neural Stem Cell Plasticity and Neurogenesis in Adult Zebrafish Model of Alzheimer’s Disease, published in 2021, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, Name is 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, Molecular C10H7NO3, COA of Formula: C10H7NO3.

Neurogenesis decreases in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, suggesting that restoring the normal neurogenic response could be a disease modifying intervention. To study the mechanisms of pathol.-induced neuro-regeneration in vertebrate brains, zebrafish is an excellent model due to its extensive neural regeneration capacity. Here, we report that Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, neg. regulates neural stem cell (NSC) plasticity in adult zebrafish brain through its receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (Ahr2). The production of KYNA is suppressed after amyloid-toxicity through reduction of the levels of Kynurenine amino transferase 2 (KAT2), the key enzyme producing KYNA. NSC proliferation is enhanced by an antagonist for Ahr2 and is reduced with Ahr2 agonists or KYNA. A subset of Ahr2-expressing zebrafish NSCs do not express other regulatory receptors such as il4r or ngfra, indicating that ahr2-pos. NSCs constitute a new subset of neural progenitors that are responsive to amyloid-toxicity. By performing transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) in three late onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) brain autopsy cohorts, we also found that several genes that are components of KYNA metabolism or AHR signaling are differentially expressed in LOAD, suggesting a strong link between KYNA/Ahr2 signaling axis to neurogenesis in LOAD.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: alicyclic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Compounds whose heterocycles in the molecular skeleton cannot reflect aromaticity are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Compound: 492-27-3, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, about The role of the kynurenine pathway and quinolinic acid in adolescent major depressive disorder, the main research direction is kynurenine signaling quinolinic acid major depressive disorder adolescent.Formula: C10H7NO3.

The biol. mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder (MDD) are not yet sufficiently understood. The kynurenine pathway has been proposed to play a key role between peripheral inflammation and alterations in the central nervous system. This is because of reduced usability of tryptophan (TRP) and production of oxygen radicals and highly potent neurotoxic agents in this pathway. In this study, we aimed to compare the metabolites of the serum kynurenine pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine, quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid) and IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in patients with major depressive disorder and in healthy controls and to evaluate the relationship between cytokine levels and the functioning of the kynurenine pathway. Clin. and biochem. data from the patients were obtained and assessed in a cross-sectional design. Serum samples were analyzed for IL-6, IL-1β, interferon (IFN)-γ, tryptophan (TRP), quinolinic acid (QUIN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and kynurenine (Kyn) levels by the ELISA. hsCRP test was analyzed by the immunoturbidimetric method. In total, 48 adolescent patients with major depressive disorder (no drug use) and 31 healthy controls were included in the study. TRP levels were observed to be significantly lower in patients with MDD than in healthy controls (P = .046); the Kyn/TRP ratio was significantly higher in patients with MDD than in healthy controls (P = .032); the levels of QUIN were significantly higher in patients with MDD than in healthy controls (P = .003). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of other kynurenine metabolites and cytokines levels. These results suggest that the Kyn and related mol. pathways may play a role in the pathophysiol. of MDD. The most important finding was the increased level of QUIN, which has a neurotoxic effect, in the kynurenine pathway.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called Total Synthesis of Laulimalide: Synthesis of the Northern and Southern Fragments, published in 2012, which mentions a compound: 20859-23-8, Name is (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid, Molecular C4H5BrO4, Computed Properties of C4H5BrO4.

The first stage in the development of a synthetic route for the total synthesis of laulimalide (I) is described. Our retrosynthetic anal. envisioned a novel macrocyclization route to the natural product by using a Ru-catalyzed alkene-alkyne coupling. This would be preceded by an esterification of the C19 hydroxyl group, joining together two equally sized synthons, the northern fragment II and the southern fragment III. Our first generation approach to the northern fragment entailed a key sequential Ru/Pd coupling sequence to assemble the dihydropyran. The key reactions proceeded smoothly, but the inability to achieve a key olefin migration led to the development of an alternative route based on an asym. dinuclear Zn-catalyzed aldol reaction of a hydroxyl acylpyrrole. This key reaction led to the desired diol adduct IV with excellent syn/anti selectivity (10:1), and allowed for the successful completion of the northern fragment II. The key step for the synthesis of the southern fragment was a chemoselective Rh-catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction to form the dihydropyran ring from a diyne precursor. This reaction proved to be selective for the formation of a six-membered ring, over a seven. The use of an electron-deficient bidentate phosphine allowed for the reaction to proceed with a reduced catalyst loading.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Application In Synthesis of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about The Mechanism of the Neuroprotective Effect of Kynurenic Acid in the Experimental Model of Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: The Link to Oxidative Stress.

The over-activation of NMDA receptors and oxidative stress are important components of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Kynurenic acid (KYNA) acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist and is known as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, which makes it a potential therapeutic compound This study aimed to establish the neuroprotective and antioxidant potential of KYNA in an exptl. model of HI. HI on seven-day-old rats was used as an exptl. model. The animals were injected i.p. with different doses of KYNA 1 h or 6 h after HI. The neuroprotective effect of KYNA was determined by the measurement of brain damage and elements of oxidative stress (ROS and glutathione (GSH) level, SOD, GPx, and catalase activity). KYNA applied 1 h after HI significantly reduced weight loss of the ischemic hemisphere, and prevented neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cortex. KYNA significantly reduced HI-increased ROS, GSH level, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Only the highest used concentration of KYNA showed neuroprotection when applied 6 h after HI. The presented results indicate induction of neuroprotection at the ROS formation stage. However, based on the presented data, it is not possible to pinpoint whether NMDA receptor inhibition or the scavenging abilities are the dominant KYNA-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

HPLC of Formula: 492-27-3. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can also be classified according to the number of heteroatoms contained in the heterocycle: single heteroatom, two heteroatoms, three heteroatoms and four heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Vitamin C and E Treatment Blocks Changes in Kynurenine Metabolism Triggered by Three Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Recreationally Active Elderly Humans. Author is Wyckelsma, Victoria L.; Trepci, Ada; Schwieler, Lilly; Venckunas, Tomas; Brazaitis, Marius; Kamandulis, Sigitas; Paulauskas, Henrikas; Gapeyeva, Helena; Paeaesuke, Mati; Gastaldello, Stefano; Imbeault, Sophie; Westerblad, Haakan; Erhardt, Sophie; Andersson, Daniel C..

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is gaining attention in several clin. fields. Recent studies show that phys. exercise offers a therapeutic way to improve ratios of neurotoxic to neuroprotective KP metabolites. Antioxidant supplementation can blunt beneficial responses to phys. exercise. We here studied the effects of endurance training in the form of sprint interval training (SIT; three sessions of 4-6 x 30 s cycling sprints per wk for three weeks) in elderly (~65 years) men exposed to either placebo (n = 9) or the antioxidants vitamin C (1 g/day) and E (235 mg/day) (n = 11). Blood samples and muscle biopsies were taken under resting conditions in association with the first (untrained state) and last (trained state) SIT sessions. In the placebo group, the blood plasma level of the neurotoxic quinolinic acid was lower (~30%) and the neuroprotective kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio was higher (~50%) in the trained than in the untrained state. Moreover, muscle biopsies showed a training-induced increase in kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) III in the placebo group. All these training effects were absent in the vitamin-treated group. In conclusion, KP metabolism was shifted towards neuroprotection after three weeks of SIT in elderly men and this shift was blocked by antioxidant treatment.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Computed Properties of C10H7NO3. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Kynurenic acid in neurodegenerative disorders-unique neuroprotection or double-edged sword?. Author is Ostapiuk, Aleksandra; Urbanska, Ewa M..

A review. The family of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites includes compounds produced along two arms of the path and acting in clearly opposite ways. The equilibrium between neurotoxic kynurenines, such as 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) or quinolinic acid (QUIN), and neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA) profoundly impacts the function and survival of neurons. This comprehensive review summarizes accumulated evidence on the role of KYNA in Alzheimer′s, Parkinson′s and Huntington′s diseases, and discusses future directions of potential pharmacol. manipulations aimed to modulate brain KYNA. The synthesis of specific KP metabolites is tightly regulated and may considerably vary under physiol. and pathol. conditions. Exptl. data consistently imply that shift of the KP to neurotoxic branch producing 3-HK and QUIN formation, with a relative or absolute deficiency of KYNA, is an important factor contributing to neurodegeneration. Targeting specific brain regions to maintain adequate KYNA levels seems vital; however, it requires the development of precise pharmacol. tools, allowing to avoid the potential cognitive adverse effects. Boosting KYNA levels, through interference with the KP enzymes or through application of prodrugs/analogs with high bioavailability and potency, is a promising clin. approach. The use of KYNA, alone or in combination with other compounds precisely influencing specific populations of neurons, is awaiting to become a significant therapy for neurodegenerative disorders.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Formula: C10H7NO3. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Clinical relevance of depressed kynurenine pathway in episodic migraine patients: potential prognostic markers in the peripheral plasma during the interictal period. Author is Tuka, Bernadett; Nyari, Aliz; Cseh, Edina Katalin; Kortesi, Tamas; Vereb, Daniel; Tomosi, Ferenc; Kecskemeti, Gabor; Janaky, Tamas; Tajti, Janos; Vecsei, Laszlo.

Altered glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuropeptide levels play a central role in migraine pathomechanism. Previously, we confirmed that kynurenic acid, an endogenous glutamatergic antagonist, was able to decrease the expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1-38, a neuropeptide with known migraine-inducing properties. Hence, our aim was to reveal the role of the peripheral kynurenine pathway in episodic migraineurs. We focused on the complete tryptophan catabolism, which comprises the serotonin and melatonin routes in addition to kynurenine metabolites. We investigated the relationship between metabolic alterations and clin. characteristics of migraine patients. Female migraine patients aged between 25 and 50 years (n = 50) and healthy control subjects (n = 34) participated in this study. Blood samples were collected from the cubital veins of subjects (during both the interictalictal periods in migraineurs, n = 47/12, resp.). 12 metabolites of Trp pathway were determined by neurochem. measurements (UHPLC-MS/MS). Plasma concentrations of the most Trp metabolites were remarkably decreased in the interictal period of migraineurs compared to healthy control subjects, especially in the migraine without aura subgroup Trp (p 〈 0.025), L-kynurenine (p /0.001), kynurenic acid (p / 0.016), anthranilic acid (p / 0.007), picolinic acid (p / 0.03), 5-hydroxy-indoleaceticacid (p / 0.025) and melatonin (p / 0.023). Several metabolites showed a tendency to elevate during the ictal phase, but this was significant only in the cases of anthranilic acid, 5-hydroxy-indoleaceticacid and melatonin in MWoA patients. In the same subgroup, higher interictal kynurenic acid levels were identified in patients whose headache was severe and not related to their menstruation cycle. Neg. linear correlation was detected between the interictal levels of xanthurenic acid/melatonin and attack frequency. Pos. associations were found between the ictal 3-hydroxykynurenine levels and the beginning of attacks, just as between ictal picolinic acid levels and last attack before ictal sampling. Our results suggest that there is a widespread metabolic imbalance in migraineurs, which manifests in a completely depressed peripheral Trp catabolism during the interictal period. It might act as trigger for the migraine attack, contributing to glutamate excess induced neurotoxicity and generalised hyperexcitability. This data can draw attention to the clin. relevance of KP in migraine.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Formula: C10H7NO3. So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Influence of pH on radical reactions between kynurenic acid and amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine. Part I. Amino acids in free state.

In the human eye lens the endogenous chromophores of UV-A light (315-400 nm) are able to sensitize radical reactions leading to protein modifications during normal aging and the cataract progression. Kynurenic acid (KNA-) is the most photochem. active dye of the human eye lens reported to date with pKa(KNAH•2) 5.5 for its radical form. Cataract is thought to develop under oxidative stress which could be accompanied by acidosis, an acidification of the intracellular environment. Protonation of kynurenyl radicals at mildly acidic conditions may change the outcome of radical reactions leading to addnl. damage to proteins. In this work we investigated the influence of pH on the degradation of initial reagents and the formation of products in photoinduced radical reactions between KNA- and amino acids tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) in free states. Our results have shown that pH variation has minor influence on kinetics of reagent decay and accumulation of products in reactions between tyrosyl and kynurenic acid radicals. However in the case of Trp a two-fold decrease of the reagent degradation without visible changes in the composition of formed products was observed with pH decrease from 7 to 3. Time-resolved measurements have shown similar acidification-induced two-fold acceleration of decay of kynurenyl and tryptophanyl radicals via Back Electron Transfer (BET) with the restoration of initial reagents. Experiments with tryptophan derivatives with different pKa values for their radical forms point out the protonation of tryptophanyl radical as the driving force for BET acceleration at low pH. Our results demonstrate that the protonation of kynurenyl radical does not change its reactivity towards amino acids radicals but the total yield of radical photodamage decreases with the protonation of tryptophanyl radicals. It could be expected that radical induced damage to proteins will depend on the pKa of tryptophanyl radicals within a protein globule.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”