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A 6pi + 6pi potentially antiaromatic zwitterion preferred to a quinoidal structure: Its reactivity toward organic and inorganic reagents

A straightforward synthesis of the zwitterionic benzoquinonemonoimine 8 is reported. This molecule is a rare example of a zwitterion being more stable than its canonical forms. It is shown that 8 is best described as constituted of two chemically connected but electronically not conjugated 6 pi electron subunits. Its reactivity with electrophiles such as H+, CH3+, and metal salts leads to the synthesis of new 12 pi electron molecules 12 (H +), 14 (CH3+), and 20 (pd2+), respectively, in which one or both 6 pi electron subsystems localize into an alternation of single and double bonds, as established by X-ray diffraction. The acidity of the N-H protons of 8 can be modulated by an external reagent. Dependent on the electrophile used, the control of the pi system delocalization becomes possible. When the electrophile simply adds to the zwitterion as in 12, 14, or 15, there is no more negative charge to be delocalized and only the positive charge remains delocalized between the nitrogen atoms. Furthermore, when a reaction with the electrophilic reagent results in deprotonation, as in 17-21, there remains no charge in the system to be delocalized. DFT calculations were performed on models of 8, 12, 14, 20, and on other related zwitterions 9 and 10 in order to examine the influence of the fused cycles on the charge separation and on the singlet-triplet energy gap. An effect of the nitrogen substituents in 8 is to significantly stabilize the singlet state. The dipole moment of 8 was measured to be 9.7 D in dichloromethane, in agreement with calculated values. The new ligands and complexes described in this article constitute new classes of compounds relevant to many areas of chemistry.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Mechanistic studies of copper thin-film growth from CuI and CuII beta-diketonates

The kinetics and mechanism of copper film growth from the reactions of bis(acetylacetonato)copper(II), bis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(II), and (vinyltrimethylsilane)(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)copper(I) (Cu(hfac)(vtms)) with copper single crystal surfaces were investigated. Experiments were performed using vibrational spectroscopy (reflection infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopies) as well as mass spectrometry (temperature-programmed desorption and integrated desorption mass spectrometries). Both ligand desorption and dissociation were observed upon pyrolysis of these molecules under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. We demonstrate that adsorbed beta-diketonate ligands decompose in a stepwise fashion at temperatures above ?375 K to yield adsorbed CF3 and ketenylidene (?C-C?O) intermediates. These further decompose above ?500 K to leave surface carbon, a major contaminant in copper films grown from CuII beta-diketonates. Clean films can be grown from the pyrolysis of Cu(hfac)(vtms) at pressures above 10-5 Torr, however. The implications of our results relative to the mechanism of copper film growth at elevated pressures are also discussed.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Homogeneous copper(II) chelates and heterogeneous Cu(II)-poly(vinylpyridine) complexes as catalysts for 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol oxidation

Liquid-phase oxidation of 3,5-di-tert-butylcatechol (3,5-DtBC) by molecular oxygen was carried out in the presence of homogeneous Cu(II) chelates or heterogeneous Cu(II)-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (Cu(II)-PVP) catalytic systems. The oxidation product in both cases is 3,5-di-tert-butyl-o-benzoquinone (3,5-DtBQ). The catalytic activity of the oxidation of 3,5-DtBC catalyzed by the homogeneous Cu(II) system was found to be affected by the Cu(II) chelates used as the catalyst, the addition of pyridine derivatives, and their amounts added. The oxidation activity was found to increase with the basicity of the added pyridine derivatives. The kinetic data obtained from the formation rate of 3,5-DtBQ by the homogeneous bis(acetylacetonato)Cu(II)-pyridine catalytic system showed that the rate was independent of the 3,5-DtBC concentration, second order in the concentration of the catalyst, and first order with respect to the partial pressure of oxygen. The homogeneous copper(II) chelate-catalyzed oxidation of 3,5-DtBC confirmed the stoichiometric equation 3,5-DtBC + 1 2O2 = 3,5-DtBQ + H2O. On the basis of these data, possible mechanistic interpretations are discussed, in which a dimeric Cu(II) complex is assumed to be the active species. The kinetics of 3,5-DtBC oxidation by molecular oxygen in the presence of the heterogeneous Cu(II)-PVP catalyst revealed that both the oxygen absorption rate and effectiveness factor decreased with increasing particle size of the Cu(II)-PVP catalyst. The increase of the particle size of the catalyst was found to cause an increase in the fraction of mass transfer resistance in the total (mass transfer + reaction) resistance of the oxidation reaction.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

Extracurricular laboratory:new discovery of Bis(acetylacetone)copper

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Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with Hydrazone: Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface and antibacterial activity

The present study reports the synthesis and characterization of six Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with 2-cetylpyridinenicotinichydrazone (HL). The characterization of the complexes were applied by conductivity measurements and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV?Vis, ESI(+)-MS and NMR 1H). Four complexes have been studied by single crystal X-ray diffraction, [Cu(L)2] (1), [Zn(L)2] (2), [CuCl2(HL)] (3) and [CuBr2(HL)] (4). Important interactions upon the molecular packing were also performed by the analysis of their Hirshfeld surfaces and compared to the 2D-fingerprint plots. The characterizations indicates the formation of mononuclear Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes with the hydrazone ligand coordinated to the metal ions in tridentate mode through the NNO chelating system. The antibacterial activity of HL and its metal complexes was tested against cariogenic bacteria strains.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Wavelength dependent photochemical charge transfer at the Cu2O-BiVO4 particle interface-evidence for tandem excitation

The understanding of the photochemical charge transfer properties of powdered semiconductors is of relevance to artificial photosynthesis and the production of solar fuels. Here we use surface photovoltage spectroscopy to probe photoelectrochemical charge transfer between bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) particles as a function of wavelength and film thickness. Optimized conditions produce a -2.10 V photovoltage under 2.5 eV (0.1 mW cm-2) illumination, which suggests the possibility of a water splitting system based on a BiVO4-Cu2O direct contact particle tandem.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

Top Picks: new discover of Bis(acetylacetone)copper

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Catalysts are substances that increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. Computed Properties of C10H16CuO4, Name is Bis(acetylacetone)copper, molecular formula is C10H16CuO4, Computed Properties of C10H16CuO4, In a Article, authors is Tang, Aiwei£¬once mentioned of Computed Properties of C10H16CuO4

One-pot synthesis of CuInS2 nanocrystals using different anions to engineer their morphology and crystal phase

A simple one-pot colloidal method has been described to engineer ternary CuInS2 nanocrystals with different crystal phases and morphologies, in which dodecanethiol is chosen as the sulfur source and the capping ligands. By a careful choice of the anions in the metal precursors and manipulation of the reaction conditions including the reactant molar ratios and the reaction temperature, CuInS2 nanocrystals with chalcopyrite, zincblende and wurtzite phases have been successfully synthesized. The type of anion in the metal precursors has been found to be essential for determining the crystal phase and morphology of the as-obtained CuInS2 nanocrystals. In particular, the presence of Cl- ions plays an important role in the formation of CuInS2 nanoplates with a wurtzite-zincblende polytypism structure. In addition, the molar ratios of Cu to In precursors have a significant effect on the crystal phase and morphology, and the intermediate Cu2S-CuInS2 heteronanostructures are formed which are critical for the anisotropic growth of CuInS2 nanocrystals. Furthermore, the optical absorption results of the as-obtained CuInS2 nanocrystals exhibit a strong dependence on the crystal phase and size.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Aerobic oxidation of substituted phenols catalysed by metal acetylacetonates in the presence of 3-methylbutanal

The aerobic oxidation of substituted phenols with the catalytic system M(acac)n/3-methylbutanal/O2 has been investigated. Co(acac)2 and Mn(acac)3 promoted the transformation of 2,6-dimethylphenol and 2,6-di-t-butylphenol into their corresponding diphenoquinones and benzoquinones. In the oxidation of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol, the same catalysts yielded 32-34% of the relevant biphenol. Cu(acac)2 converted 2-naphthol into 1,1?-bi-2-naphthol with 84% yield. Supported Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes have also been used as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of 2,6-di-t-butylphenol and 2-naphthol, respectively.

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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Colloidal CZTS nanoparticles and films: Preparation and characterization

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) compound semiconductor has the advantage of good matching with solar radiation in optical band-gap, large absorption coefficient, non-toxic and especially large abundance ratios of elements, so that CZTS has been considered as a good absorber layer used for the thin-film solar cells with most industrialization promising and environment friendly. In the present work, colloidal CZTS nanocrystals (average size ~8-16 nm) with the band gap of ~1.5 eV were synthesized via wet-chemical processing, using oleylamine (OLA) as solvent and capping molecules. The colloids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The structure and morphology of nanocrystals were influenced with the reaction temperature. The resulting nanocrystals were kesterite-phase CZTS when the reaction temperature was lower, but were wurtzite-phase CZTS when the reaction temperature above 275 C. The CZTS films on glass substrates were prepared by drop-casting, from the colloidal 10 wt% CZTS-toluene solution where the CZTS colloids were synthesized at 260 C with three different recipes. The resulting films with different heat-treatments were investigated by XRD, SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Densified CZTS films (5 lm in thickness) could be obtained by drying and sintering in vacuum. The CZTS films have the band-gap around 1.6-2.0 eV, due to Zn rich and S poor in the films. The dark conductivity and photoconductivity under AM 1.5 irradiation of the CZTS films on ITO glass substrates with different heat-treatments were measured by the AC impedance method.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Molecular structure design and synthetic approaches to the heterometallic alkoxide complexes (soft chemistry approach to inorganic materials by the eyes of a crystallographer)

General principles of formation and stability of the heterometallic alkoxides existing due to Lewis Acid-Base interaction, isomorphous substitution and heterometallic metal-metal bonds are discussed. The molecular structure design approach based on the choice of a proper molecular structure type and completing it with the ligands, providing both the necessary number of donor atoms and the sterical protection of the metaloxygen core, is presented. Its applications in prediction of the composition and structure of single source precursors of inorganic materials are demonstrated for such classes of compounds as oxoalkoxides, alkoxide beta-diketonates, alkoxide carboxylates, derivatives of functional alcohols, metallatranes and metallasiloxanes.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

 

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Synthesis of 2-aminofurans and 2-unsubstituted furans via carbenoid-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition

An efficient dual synthetic manifold for 2-aminofurans and 2-unsubstituted furans has been developed. The carbenoid-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition of copper carbenoids with enamines provides 2-amino-2,3-dihydrofurans which serve as common intermediates for both 2-aminofurans and 2-unsubstituted furans. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012.

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Reference£º
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”